Bill Emmons is an assistant vice president and economist in the Supervision Division at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
U.S. employment grew by 11.8 million from December 2000 to December 2020. That gain was due to increased employment of people age 60 and older.
An index suggests recent levels of U.S. household financial distress were relatively low, which may have been helped by economic policies.
The percentage of younger Americans who are employed, particularly those ages 16-24, has fallen sharply since 2000.
Higher education holds the promise of helping to level the playing field, yet data suggest that Black and Hispanic students are falling behind.
U.S. employment grew by 11.8 million from December 2000 to December 2020. That gain was due to increased employment of people age 60 and older.
This year will likely be the slowest annual population increase in U.S. history outside of wartime.
Economist William Emmons estimates that about 500,000 foreclosure initiations will have been prevented in the fourth quarter due to forbearance plans.
An estimated 500,000 borrowers may have avoided foreclosure during the fourth quarter of 2020 due to forbearance.
Housing appears to be a bright spot in a gloomy economic outlook, but some data suggest weakness ahead.
Mortgage rates tend to move in lockstep with longer-term Treasury yields. Factors in the retail mortgage market may explain why this isn’t happening.
Our Center for Household Financial Stability evaluates the factors that led to recent population decline among the seven states that encompass the Eighth District.
Read why the past decade’s outsized gains in housing wealth among Hispanic and black families haven’t reduced longer-term racial wealth gaps.
Housing costs have been rising fast in recent years. What might this mean for underlying inflation trends?
Over the past year, four housing indicators have moved in ways consistent with patterns seen before three previous recessions.
The typical white household has more wealth than the typical black or Hispanic household. That much is clear. But the gap’s size depends on how you measure net worth.
Why the rapid rise in national house price indexes? The answer may lie less in “irrational exuberance” than in the costs of land, lumber and labor.
The financial boost first-generation graduates get from college degrees isn’t enough to overcome the head start having college graduate parents provides.
Based on previous cycles, the recent downturn in U.S. home sales is consistent with a broader economic slowdown in late 2019 or early 2020.
Dig into population, income and wealth characteristics for groups defined not only by race/ethnicity, but also by education.
The high share of young adults that rent today doesn’t suggest the Great Recession or other events have pushed them far off course.
Recent changes in mortgage rates, existing home sales, real house prices and residential investment mirror those seen in past late-stage economic expansions.
Anyone seeking the most economical housing values today might take a closer look at major metro areas between the two coasts.
Read how a country’s homeownership rate in 2005 predicted its per capita growth trajectory and homeownership rate a decade later.
Read how provisions of the new tax code, notably new limits on the mortgage interest deduction, could influence various aspects of housing choice.
Learn why homeownership should comprise a limited share of a family’s total assets—even after the recovery in house prices.
Read how housing and consumer spending are powering the economy like never before, even as overall GDP growth remains weak.
Wealth gains for blacks and Latinos suffered between 1989 and 2013 because most of their wealth was concentrated in homeowners‘ equity.
The answer to this question may be “No”; read about a research symposium and subsequent paper that explored the links between race and ethnicity, and education and wealth.
Household wealth reached a new high in 2016. Recessions followed two previous record highs. Might it happen again?
Family wealth generally increases with education. But new research shows that race and ethnicity can greatly affect the relative payoff. There’s a gap—sometimes wide—between the wealth of Hispanics and African-Americans and the wealth of whites and Asians at every education level, from those with only a high school diploma to those with an advanced degree.
Even without bad choices or bad luck, younger, less educated or nonwhite families are more likely to be delinquent on loans.
Household deleveraging has been occurring for several years, so what are the reasons deleveraging may be nearing its end or continuing for years to come?
The buildup of mortgage debt before the crisis and the subsequent deleveraging have had profoundly different effects on different age groups. Younger families generally experienced the most volatility, while older families emerged with the largest net increase in mortgage debt.
The financial crisis and ensuing recession took a toll on just about everybody’s household wealth. Not surprisingly, the pain wasn’t evenly distributed. Those groups that are usually the most vulnerable in our society—young and middle-aged minority households—suffered the most, percentage-wise.
While some measures of Eighth District housing-market activity recently showed signs of life, it’s not clear yet if it is cause for cautious optimism in the economic outlook.
Consumer spending has long been the engine of U.S. and global economic growth. But five trends in 2011 suggest that such spending can no longer be counted on. Finding a replacement is going to be difficult, at best.
Before the housing boom and bust, changes in local house values appeared to be a local phenomenon. Now, however, the District’s house-price changes are mirroring national patterns. Therefore, downward trends in other parts of the country may continue to negatively affect prices in the District.
This Q&A on the federal deficit is a preview of the "Dialogue with the Fed" that the public is invited to Oct. 18 at the St. Louis Fed.
At least early in the financial crisis, the high rate of foreclosures seemed to be due more to households' overreaching than to predatory lending. A disproportionate number of those being foreclosed on were well-educated, well-off and relatively young people.
It’s time to pay the piper for our freewheeling spending of the past decade. Although some scenarios for the future economy provide reason to hope, the recovery is likely to be slow and volatile.
The simplest way to avoid another devastating housing crash and foreclosure crisis probably is to reduce household borrowing and, then, to keep it low.
Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and private-label assets comprised much of this system.
Fed officer and economist William Emmons examines the evolution of the mortgage markets—and speculates that U.S. markets may return to models of an earlier era.
As painful as it may be, letting the housing and mortgage markets sort out these problems on their own would be best for the economy in the long run. Large-scale government interventions are not necessarily the best policy responses, although those made truly needy by this crisis need to be helped.
Some people complain they are being gouged at the pump, but raising prices now in anticipation of what might happen helps ensure an adequate gas supply.
Although some data show that household wealth is rising, we shouldn’t be complacent about the flip side of the coin—that personal saving is in a nosedive.
Lower interest rates can make mortgage refinancing a good idea, but borrowers need to pay attention to more than just the monthly payment. Cash-out refinancing is especially tricky because it entails taking on a larger mortgage. This can lead to a greater repayment burden in the future.
Initially, Basel II will affect only the world's largest banking organizations. Eventually, the impact will trickle down to others. Some regional and community bankers, for example, might find it more difficult to survive. Consumers, on the other hand, could wind up with lower rates on home mortgages.
These government-sponsored enterprises continue to make headlines because of their explosive growth and resulting heavyweight status within the nation's financial system. Critics fear what would happen if one of these giants were to fail—or even stumble. Supporters say that the risks are overblown and that the benefits to homeowners are underappreciated.
Unable to slow the growth of credit unions by protesting their tax breaks and sponsor subsidies, banks are citing other reasons to bolster their case that the competition has an unfair edge.
The futures market is not a perfect crystal ball. In some cases, it accurately forecasts what spot prices will be in the future. But not always.
Examinations and capital requirements are the current pillars of bank supervision. Some people now want to draw on the markets for further assistance in controlling risk.
Authors suggest that they should be included.
